An arthrogram allows early degenerative changes in joint cartilage to be detected before bones become affected. There is currently no cure for RA; however, rheumatologists have a number of treatment options available. Early stages can be treated with rest of the affected joints by using a cane or by using joint splints that minimize inflammation. When inflammation has decreased, exercise can be used to strengthen the muscles that surround the joint and to maintain joint flexibility.
If joint damage is more extensive, medications can be used to relieve pain and decrease inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, topical pain relievers, and corticosteroid injections may be used. Surgery may be required in cases in which joint damage is severe. The structural classification of joints divides them into bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. The bones of fibrous joints are held together by fibrous connective tissue; the three types of fibrous joints are sutures, syndesomes, and gomphoses.
Cartilaginous joints are joints in which the bones are connected by cartilage; the two types of cartilaginous joints are synchondroses and symphyses. Synovial joints are joints that have a space between the adjoining bones. Rotational movement is the movement of a bone as it rotates around its own longitudinal axis. Special movements include inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, and opposition.
Synovial joints are also classified into six different categories on the basis of the shape and structure of the joint: planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket. Skip to content Chapter The Musculoskeletal System. Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you will be able to: Classify the different types of joints on the basis of structure Explain the role of joints in skeletal movement.
Classification of Joints on the Basis of Structure. Fibrous Joints. Cartilaginous Joints. Synovial Joints. Classification of Joints on the Basis of Function. Movement at Synovial Joints. Gliding Movement. Angular Movement. Rotational Movement. Special Movements. Types of Synovial Joints. Planar Joints.
Hinge Joints. Pivot Joints. Condyloid Joints. Saddle Joints. Ball-and-Socket Joints. What movement s occur s at the scapulae when you shrug your shoulders? What is arthritis? Arthritis updated 22 Jan Skip to content. A synovial joint is made up of: cartilage — a smooth gristly material that covers the surface of the bones. This acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction as the bones move over each other. Together with the ligaments, tendons and muscles, the capsule keeps the bones of the joint in place.
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Anatomical joints may consist of a combination of two or more joint types. Some synovial joints are relatively immobile but stable.
The types of the synovial joints are based on their shapes and can be classified as plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket. The following descriptions are in ascending order of mobility:. In this example, the condyles of the femur join with condyles of tibia and the saddle joint, where the lower end of the femur joins with the patella. Plane Joint : The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula.
Ball and Socket Joint : Hip joint: the ball of the femur head fits in the socket of the acetabulum of the pelvis. Saddle Joint : Sternoclavicular articulation. Anterior view.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Search for:. Synovial Joints. Structure of Synovial Joints A synovial joint or diarthrosis occurs at articulating bones to allow movement. Learning Objectives Identify the structures of the synovial joint that allow it to move freely.
Key Takeaways Key Points The bones of a synovial joint are surrounded by a synovial capsule, which secretes synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish the joint while acting as a shock absorber. The ends of the joint bones are covered with smooth, glass-like hyaline cartilage which reduces friction during movement. A synovial joint contains a synovial cavity and dense, irregular connective tissue that forms the articular capsule normally associated with accessory ligaments. Key Terms articulation : A joint or the collection of joints at which something is articulated, or hinged, for bending.
With its yolk-like consistency, its principal role is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement. A major constituent of the embryonic and young vertebrate skeleton, converted largely to bone with maturation.
Synoviocytes The intimal cells are termed synoviocytes and can be either fibroblastic type B synoviocytes and macrophagic type A synoviocytes. Structure of Synovium The surface of a synovium may be flat or covered with finger-like projections villi to allow the soft tissue to change shape as the joint surfaces move on one another.
Synovial Bursa The synovial bursa is a small, fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane containing synovial fluid. Nerve and Blood Supply Synovial joints are highly innervated but vascularized indirectly by nearby tissues. Learning Objectives Identify the nerve and blood supply of synovial joints.
Key Takeaways Key Points Although the articular capsule is innervated with the nerves necessary for movement, it lacks blood vessels because the arteries wrap around the joint in an anastomosis, bypassing direct capillary contact with the capsule. The articular and epiphyseal branches given off by the neighboring arteries form a periarticular arterial plexus. Exchange of gases oxygen and carbon dioxide and nutrients is achieved, albeit slowly, via diffusion or more efficiently during exercise via convection.
Key Terms convection : The movement of groups of molecules within fluids such as liquids or gases. Bursae and Tendon Sheaths Joints are cushioned by small fluid-filled sacs called bursae and stabilized by tough bands of fibrous connective tissue called tendons. Learning Objectives List the components of a joint.
Key Takeaways Key Points Synovial joints are made up of five classes of tissues. These include bone, cartilage, synovium, synovial fluid, and tensile tissues composed of tendons and ligaments.
Tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. Bursae are sacs filled with synovial fluid that provide cushioning around a joint between the bones and the muscles and tendons crossing the joint.
Key Terms retinacula : A band around tendons that holds them in place for stabilization. A doctor can help diagnose joint conditions as well as design a treatment plan. You are here Types Joint Anatomy. What Is a Synovial Joint? By Emmanuel Konstantakos, MD. Peer Reviewed.
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